Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019, MICS6
Tonga, 2019
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SPC_TON_2019_MICS_V01_M_v01_A_PUF
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019
MICS6
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Tonga | TON |
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey - Round 6 [hh/mics-6]
This is the first Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey to take place in Tonga. This survey is called Tonga Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2019.
The Tonga Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was conducted in 2019 by the Tonga Statistics Department in collaboration with Ministry of Health with technical support of Ministry of Internal Affairs – Women’s Affairs and Gender Equality Division (WAGED) and other key Government Ministries UNICEF, UNFPA, the Pacific Community (SPC) and other partners. The survey provides statistically sound and internationally comparable data essential for developing evidence-based policies and programs, and for monitoring progress toward national goals and global commitments.
The Tonga MICS 2019 has as its primary objectives:
• To provide high quality data for assessing the situation of children, adolescents, women and households in Tonga;
• To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward national goals, as a basis for future action;
• To collect disaggregated data for the identification of disparities, to inform policies aimed at social inclusion of the most vulnerable;
• To validate data from other sources and the results of focused interventions;
• To generate data on national and global SDG indicators;
• To generate internationally comparable data for the assessment of the progress made in various areas, and to put additional efforts in those areas that require more attention;
• To generate behavioural and attitudinal data not available in other data sources.
Sample survey data [ssd]
-Household;
-Household member;
-Women in reproductive age;
-Birth history;
-Men in reproductive age;
-Mothers or primary caretakers of children under 5;
-Mothers or primary caretakers of children age 5-17.
Version
Version 01: This is the final clean, labelled, and anonymized version of the master file.
2020-03-20
This version was distributed by the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) program (https://mics.unicef.org/). The data was anonymized by the MICS program.
Scope
-HOUSEHOLD: Household characteristics; Household belongings; Communication; Agriculture; Social Transfers; Household Energy use; Food Insecurity Experiences; Water and sanitation; Handwashing; Salt iodisation.
-HOUSEHOLD MEMBER: Individual charateristics; Education.
-WOMEN IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE: Education; Literacy; Individual characteristics; Mass Media and ICT; Fertility and birth history; Maternal and newborn health; Post-natal health checks; Contraception; Unmet need; Attitudes toward domestic violence; Victimisation; Marriage/union; Adult functioning; Sexual behaviour; HIV/AIDS; Human Papillomavirus; Sexually transmitted infections; Tobacco and alcohol use; Domestic violence; Life satisfaction.
-BIRTH HISTORY: Birth history.
-MEN IN REPRODUCTIVE AGE: Education; Literacy; Individual characteristics; Mass Media and ICT; Fertility; Attitudes toward domestic violence; Victimisation; Marriage/union; Adult functioning; Sexual behaviour; HIV/AIDS; Sexually transmitted infections; Tobacco and alcohol use; Life satisfaction.
-MOTHERS OR PRIMARY CARETAKERS OF CHILDREN UNDER 5: Education; Individual characteristics; Birth registration; Early childhood development; Child discipline; Child functioning; Breastfeeding and dietary intake; Immunisation; Care of illness.
-MOTHERS OR PRIMARY CARETAKERS OF CHILDREN AGE 5-17: Education; Child's background; Child labour; Child discipline; Child functioning; Parental involvement; Foundational learning skills.
Coverage
National Coverage: covering rural-urban areas and the five district/island groups of the country (Tongatapu, Vava'u, Ha'apai, 'Eua and Ongo Niua).
The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15 to 49 years, all men aged between 15 to 49 years, all children under 5 and those aged 5 to 17 living in the household.
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | Government of Tonga |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Health | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
| Women's Affairs and Gender Equality Division | Ministry of Internal Affairs | Technical support |
| United Nations Children's Fund | United Nations | Technical support |
| United Nations Population Fund | United Nations | Technical support |
| Pacific Community | CROP | Technical support |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Government of Tonga | Funding |
| United Nation's Children Fund | Financial support |
| United Nations Population Fund | Financial support |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Education | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
| WAGED & Social Protection Division | Ministry of Internal Affairs | Technical support |
| Tonga Family Heath Association | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
| Tonga National Visual Impairment Association (TNVIA) | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
| Naunau 'o e 'Alamaite Tonga Association (NATA) | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
| Tonga National Youth Congress (TNYC) | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
| Women & Children Crisis Center Tonga (WCCC) | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
| Ma'a Fafine mo e Family | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
| Tonga National Centre for Women and Children | Government of Tonga | Technical support |
Sampling
-SAMPLE DESIGN:
The primary objective of the sample design for the Tonga MICS was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the five divisions of the country: Tongatapu, Vavaú, Haápai, 'Eua and Ongo Niua. Urban and rural areas in each of the five divisions were defined as the sampling strata. In designing the sample for the Tonga MICS, it was useful to review the sample design and results of the Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2012, documented in the Final Report of that survey.
A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. The sampling frame was based on the 2016 Tonga Census of Population and Housing. The primary sampling units (PSUs) selected at the first stage were the enumeration areas (EAs) defined for the census enumeration. A listing of households was conducted in each sample EA, and a sample of households was selected at the second stage.
Since the overall sample size for the Tonga MICS partly depends on the geographic domains of analysis that are defined for the survey tables, the distribution of EAs and households in Tonga from the 2016 Census sampling frame was first examined by division, urban and rural strata.
The overall sample size for the Tonga MICS was calculated as 2,750 households. For the calculation of the sample size, the key indicator used was use of any contraceptive method for women aged 15-49 years. Since the survey results are tabulated at the divisional level, it was necessary to determine the minimum sample size for each division.
The sample for the Tonga MICS 2019 was designed to provide estimates for a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the five divisions: Tongatapu, Vava'u, Ha'apai, 'Eua and Ongo Niua. The urban and rural areas in each of the five divisions were identified as the main sampling strata, and the sample of households was selected in two stages. Within each stratum, a specified number of census enumeration areas (EA) were selected systematically with probability proportional to size. After a household listing was carried out within the selected EAs, a systematic sample of 20 households was drawn in each sample EA. A total of 139 sample EAs and 2,751 sample households were selected at the national level (some of the sampled EA's had less than 20 households). All of the selected EAs were visited during the fieldwork data collection. As the sample is not self-weighting, sample weights are used for reporting survey results. A more detailed description of the sample design can be found in the Survey Findings Report's "Appendix A: Sample Design".
Of 2,751 households selected for the sample, 2,543 were found occupied. Of these, 2,498 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 98.2 percent.
Below is the summary of the response rates by Division and area:
-Tongatapu: 1,138 Households (HH) interviewed out of 1,166 occupied HH (=97.6%);
-Vava'u: 480 HH interviewed out of 483 occupied HH (=99.4%);
-Ha'apai: 382 HH interviewed out of 387 occupied HH (=98.7%);
-'Eua: 335 HH interviewed out of 344 occupied HH (=97.4%);
-Ongo Niua: 163 HH interviewed out of 163 occupied HH (=100%);
-URBAN: 644 HH interviewed out of 664 occupied HH (=97%);
-RURAL: 1,854 HH interviewed out of 1,879 occupied HH (=98.7%);
-NATIONAL: 2,498 HH interviewed out of 2,543 occupied HH (=98.2%).
The Tonga MICS sample is not self-weighting. Different sampling fractions were used in each division. For this reason, sample weights were calculated and used in the subsequent analyses of the survey data.
The major component of the weight is the reciprocal of the sampling fraction employed in selecting the number of sample households in that particular sampling stratum (h) and PSU (i).
Since the number of households in each enumeration area (PSU) from the 2016 Census frame used for the first stage selection and the updated number of households in the EA from the listing are generally different, individual overall probabilities of selection for households in each sample EA (cluster) were calculated.
A final component in the calculation of sample weights takes into account the level of non-response for the household and individual interviews.
After the completion of fieldwork, response rates were calculated for each sampling stratum. These were used to adjust the sample weights calculated for each cluster.
Survey instrument
-QUESTIONNAIRE DESCRIPTION:
Six questionnaires were used in the survey: 1) a household questionnaire to collect basic demographic information on all de jure household members (usual residents), the household, and the dwelling; 2) a water quality testing questionnaire administered in 5 households in each cluster of the sample; 3) a questionnaire for individual women administered in each household to all women age 15-49 years; 4) a questionnaire for individual men administered in every second household to all men age 15-49 years; 5) an under-5 questionnaire, administered to mothers (or caretakers) of all children under 5 living in the household; 6) a questionnaire for children age 5-17 years, administered to the mother (or caretaker) of one randomly selected child age 5-17 years living in the household
For all children age 0-2 years with a completed Questionnaire for Children Under Five, the Questionnaire for Vaccination Records at Health Facility, was also used to record vaccinations from the records maintained at health facilities.
In addition to the administration of questionnaires, fieldwork teams tested the salt used for cooking in the households for iodine content, observed the place for handwashing, measured the weights and heights of children age under 5 years, and tested household and source water for E. coli levels. Details and findings of these observations and measurements are provided in the respective sections of the report. Further, the questionnaire for children age 5-17 years included a reading and mathematics assessment administered to children age 7-14 years.
The questionnaires were based on the MICS6 standard questionnaires.3 From the MICS6 model English, version, the questionnaires were customised and translated into Tongan Language and were pre-tested in urban (Ma’ufanga and Kolofo’ou) and rural EAs (Lapaha and Kala’au) in Tongatapu in August 2019. Based on the results of the pretest, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires. A copy of the Tonga MICS 2019 questionnaires is provided in the External Resources of this documentation.
-COMPOSITION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES:
The questionnaires included the following modules:
-Household questionnaire: List of household members, Education, Household characteristics, Social transfers, Household energy use, Food insecurity Experience, Water and sanitation, Handwashing, Salt iodisation.
-Water Quality Testing questionnaire: Water quality tests, Water quality testing results.
-Individual Women questionnaire: Background, Mass Media and ICT, Fertility/Birth history, Desire for last birth, Maternal and newborn health, Post-natal health checks, Contraception, Unmet need, Attitudes toward domestic violence, Victimisation, Marriage/union, Adult functioning, Sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS, Human Papillomavirus, STI, Tobacco and alcohol use, Domestic violence, Life satisfaction.
-Individual Men questionnaire: Background, Mass Media and ICT, Attitudes toward domestic violence, Victimisation, Marriage/union, Adult functioning, Sexual behaviour, HIV/AIDS, STI, Tobacco and alcohol use, Life satisfaction.
-Children Under 5 questionnaire: Background, Birth registration, Early childhood development, Child discipline, Child functioning, Breastfeeding and dietary intake, Immunisation, Care of illness, Anthropometry.
-Children Age 5-17 Years questionnaire: Background, Child labour, Child discipline, Child functioning, Parental involvment, Foundational learning skills.
-Vaccination Records at Health Facillity (for children aged 0-2 years): Background, Immunization.
Data collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2019-10-01 | 2019-12-31 | Data collection |
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | Government of Tonga |
Team supervisors were responsible for the daily monitoring of fieldwork. Mandatory re-interviewing was implemented on at least one household per cluster. Daily observations of interviewer skills and performance was conducted.
The data were collected by 8 teams; each was comprised of 4 interviewers, one driver, one measurer and a supervisor.
During the fieldwork period, each team was visited multiple times by central supervisors and field visits were arranged for UNICEF MICS Team members.
Throughout the fieldwork, field check tables (FCTs) were produced weekly for analysis and action with field teams. The FCTs were customised versions of the standard tables produced by the MICS Programme.
-TYPE OF DATA COLLECTION:
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) utilise Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI). The data collection application was based on the CSPro (Census and Survey Processing System) software, Version 6.3, including a MICS dedicated data management platform. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS programme were adapted to the Tonga MICS 2019 final questionnaires and used throughout. The CAPI application was tested in urban and rural enumeration areas (EAs) during September, 2019. Based on the results of the CAPI-test, modifications were made to the questionnaires and application.
-TRAINING:
Training for the fieldwork was conducted from 23 September to 25 October 2019. Training included lectures on interviewing techniques and the contents of the questionnaires, and mock interviews between trainees to gain practice in asking questions. Participants first completed full training on paper questionnaires, followed by training on the CAPI application. The trainees spent 2 days in field practice and one day on a full pilot survey in the Nukualofa area for proximity of providing assistance by staffs while teams are on the ground. The training agenda was based on the template MICS6 training agenda.
Measurers received dedicated training on anthropometric measurements and water quality testing for a total of 10 days, including 2 days in field practice and pilot survey.
Field Supervisors attended additional training on the duties of team supervision and responsibilities.
-FIELDWORK:
The data were collected by 8 teams; each was comprised of 4 interviewers, one driver, one measurer and a supervisor. Fieldwork began in October 2019 and concluded in December 2019. Data was collected using tablet computers running the Windows 10 operating system, utilising a Bluetooth application for field operations, enabling transfer of assignments and completed questionnaires between supervisor and interviewer tablets.
Data processing
Data were received at the Tonga Statistics Department central office via Internet File Streaming System (IFSS) integrated into the management application on the supervisors’ tablets. Whenever logistically possible, synchronisation was daily. The central office communicated application updates to field teams through this system.
During data collection and following the completion of fieldwork, data were edited according to editing process described in detail in the Guidelines for Secondary Editing, a customised version of the standard MICS6 documentation.
Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing (see Other processing), including:
a) During data collection
b) Structure checking and completeness
c) Secondary editing
d) Structural checking of SPSS data files
Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the data processing guidelines on mics.unicef.org.
Data appraisal
The following sampling error measures are presented for selected indicators:
-Standard error (se): Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. For survey indicators that are means, proportions or ratios, the Taylor series linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors. For more complex statistics, such as fertility and mortality rates, the Jackknife repeated replication method is used for standard error estimation.
-Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value (r) of the indicator and is a measure of the relative sampling error.
-Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling based on the same sample size. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design of the survey is as efficient as a simple random sample for a particular indicator, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates an increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample designConfidence limits are calculated to show the interval which contains the true value of the indicator for the population, with a specified level of confidence. For MICS results 95% confidence intervals are used, which is the standard for this type of survey. The concept of the 95% confidence interval can be understood in this way: if many repeated samples of identical size and design were taken and the confidence interval computed for each sample, then 95% of these intervals would contain the true value of the indicator.
For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, programs developed in CSPro Version 5.0 and SPSS Version 23 Complex Samples module have been used.
Access policy
UNICEF
UNICEF
http://mics.unicef.org/surveys
Cost: None
Data Access
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys | United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) | http://mics.unicef.org/surveys | mics@unicef.org |
| Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? | Confidentiality declaration text |
|---|---|
| yes | Users of the data agree to keep confidential all data contained in these datasets and to make no attempt to identify, trace or contact any individual whose data is included in these datasets. |
Licensed dataset, accessible under conditions.
"Tonga Statistics Department, Tonga Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS 2019), Version 01 of the licensed dataset (October 2020), provided by the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys program. https://mics.unicef.org/"
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | Government of Tonga | https://tongastats.gov.to/ | |
| Multiple Indicator Cluster Surcey (MICS) Programme | United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) | mics@unicef.org | https://mics.unicef.org/ |
Metadata production
DDI_SPC_TON_2019_MICS_V01_M_v01_A_PUF
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | Government of Tonga | Documentation of the study |
| Statistics for Development Division | Pacific Community (SPC) | Review of the documentation |
2020-10-21
Metadata version
-Version 01 (October 2020): This is the first attempt at documenting the 2019 Tonga Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). Done by Tonga Statistics Department (TSD) and Statistics for Development Division at Noumea, New Caledonia.