Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2021
Tonga, 2021
Tonga Statistics Department
Created on
January 11, 2023
Last modified
January 11, 2023
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Identification
Survey ID Number
SPC_TON_2021_HIES_v01_M
Title
Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2021
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Tonga | TON |
Study type
Income/Expenditure/Household Survey [hh/ies]
Series Information
This is the fourth Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) that was undertaken by Tonga Statistics Department (TSD). The previous HIES took place in 2001, 2009 and 2015.
Abstract
The 2021 Tonga HIES is the new update of this kind, after the 2015/2016, 2009 & 2001 versions. This survey aims to provide indicators on Household Living Standard using monetary aspect (amount of income and expenditure), non-monetary aspect (calory consumed, assets own, imputed rents…) and more social approach (education, health, food security status…). Survey outputs have multiple uses in various domains such as public health (food nutrition analysis), economic development (poverty), system of National Account (consumption aggregates), and they represent a key source of information to populate many National SDGs.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Household and Individual.
Version
Version Description
Version 01: Cleaned, labelled and de-identified version of the Master file.
Version Date
2022-10-19
Scope
Notes
-HOUSEHOLD: Dwelling characteristics; Assets; Home maintenance; Vehicles; International trips; Domestic trips; Household services; Financial support; Other household expenditure; Ceremonies; Remittances; Food insecurity; Livestock and aquaculture; Agriculture; Legal services.
-INDIVIDUAL: Individual characteristics; Education; Health; Disability; Communication; Alcohol; Other individual expenses; Labour force; Fisheries and hunting; Handicraft.
-INDIVIDUAL: Individual characteristics; Education; Health; Disability; Communication; Alcohol; Other individual expenses; Labour force; Fisheries and hunting; Handicraft.
Topics
| Topic |
|---|
| pacific-skills, education, training |
| pacific-skills, employment |
Keywords
| Keyword |
|---|
| HIES |
| Expenditure |
| Income |
| Cash |
| Subsistence |
| Consumption |
| COICOP |
| PACCOI |
| Imputed rents |
| Food security |
| Disability |
| Agriculture |
| Fisheries |
| Remittances |
| Assets |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
National coverage.
Universe
Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) covered all persons who were considered to be usual residents of private dwellings.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | Government of Tonga |
Producers
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Statistics for Development Division | Pacific Community | Technical assistance |
| World Bank | World Bank Group | Technical assistance |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | Government of Tonga | Funding |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The Tonga 2021 HIES sample design is based on a two stages sample design, where each stage corresponds to a random selection:
- Stage 1: random selection of census blocks (using the probability of selection proportional to size)
- Stage 2: random selection of households (from the selected blocks). Within each selected blocks, 12 households were randomly selected (uniform probability)
The survey aims to disseminate results at strata level where stratas are defined on geographical combination of provinces and urban rural areas. The sample sizes were calculated at the strata level, with the aim of minimizing the sampling error (and relative sampling error) within each strata.
The sampling frame used was the 2016 population census.
- Stage 1: random selection of census blocks (using the probability of selection proportional to size)
- Stage 2: random selection of households (from the selected blocks). Within each selected blocks, 12 households were randomly selected (uniform probability)
The survey aims to disseminate results at strata level where stratas are defined on geographical combination of provinces and urban rural areas. The sample sizes were calculated at the strata level, with the aim of minimizing the sampling error (and relative sampling error) within each strata.
The sampling frame used was the 2016 population census.
Response Rate
The final response rate including replacement from List B can be found below:
-Tongatapu urban: 95%
-Tongatapu rural: 93.3%
-Vava'u: 92.5%
-Ha'apai: 96.1%
-Eua: 99.2%
-Ongo Niua: 96.6%
-Total Tonga: 94.8%
-Tongatapu urban: 95%
-Tongatapu rural: 93.3%
-Vava'u: 92.5%
-Ha'apai: 96.1%
-Eua: 99.2%
-Ongo Niua: 96.6%
-Total Tonga: 94.8%
Weighting
The final set of weights of the 2021 Tonga Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) is the result of a multi-step process, given the following:
· Survey field procedure included replacement plan in the case of non response (absence, refusal…)
· Sampling weights are computed at the household level only
· The 2016 Tonga census was used as sampling frame for sample random selection of the 2021 Tonga HIES
- Step1: the first set of weights is directly computed using the probability of selection of the households at both stages of selection
- P1=ki*nj/Ni Probability of selection of EA j in strata I where ki=nb of EAs to select in strata i
- nj=nb of hhs in EA j
- Ni=total nb of hhs in strata i
- P2 = m/ nj Probability of selection of households in EA i where m=cluster size
- nj=size of EA i
P1 = Probability of selection of EA using the probability proportional to size method
P2 = Probability of selection of households using the uniform probability
W1 = 1 /(p1*p2) (first set of weights)
The extrapolation matches the 2016 Tonga census that was used
- Step2: both probabilities of selection have been re computed using the updated 2021 population census (that was conducted directly after HIES). Using the same formulas, P1 and P2 are updated and generate W2, the set of weights using updated census data.
· Survey field procedure included replacement plan in the case of non response (absence, refusal…)
· Sampling weights are computed at the household level only
· The 2016 Tonga census was used as sampling frame for sample random selection of the 2021 Tonga HIES
- Step1: the first set of weights is directly computed using the probability of selection of the households at both stages of selection
- P1=ki*nj/Ni Probability of selection of EA j in strata I where ki=nb of EAs to select in strata i
- nj=nb of hhs in EA j
- Ni=total nb of hhs in strata i
- P2 = m/ nj Probability of selection of households in EA i where m=cluster size
- nj=size of EA i
P1 = Probability of selection of EA using the probability proportional to size method
P2 = Probability of selection of households using the uniform probability
W1 = 1 /(p1*p2) (first set of weights)
The extrapolation matches the 2016 Tonga census that was used
- Step2: both probabilities of selection have been re computed using the updated 2021 population census (that was conducted directly after HIES). Using the same formulas, P1 and P2 are updated and generate W2, the set of weights using updated census data.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2021-01-04 | 2021-11-30 | Data collection |
Data Collection Mode
Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]
Data Collection Notes
The field collection started in January 2021 until November 2021. A total of 7 teams were required to complete the field collection (3 in Tongatapu and 1 in each of the other provinces). Each team was made of 3 interviewer and 1 supervisor. On the 12 households interviewed per block, only 4 were asked to fill in the diary (in addition to the core HIES recall questionnaire).
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | TSD | Government of Tonga |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The 2021 Tonga Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) questionnaire was developed in English and Tongan language and it follows the Pacific Standard HIES questionnaire structure. It is administered on CAPI using Survey Solution, and the diary is no longer part of the form. All transactions (food, non food, home production and gifts) are collected through different recall sections during the same visit. The traditional 14 days diary is no longer recommended in the region.
This new method of implementing the HIES present some interesting and valuable advantages such as: cost saving, data quality, time reduction for data processing and reporting.
Only a sub sample of the selected HIES sample was asked to fill a 2-week diary (in addition to the core recall HIES questionnaire). But only the recall sections are used to compute the HIES outputs and aggregates, this sub sample HIES diary was made for research purposes.
Below is a list of all modules in this questionnaire:
-Household ID
-Demographic characteristics
-Education
-Health
-Functionality
-Communication
-Alcohol
-Other individual expenses
-Labour force
-Fisheries & hunting
-Handicraft
-Dwelling
-Assets
-Home maintenance
-Vehicle
-International trips
-Domestic trips
-Household services
-Financial support
-Other household expenditure
-Ceremonies
-Remittances
-Food insecurity
-Livestock & aquaculture
-Agriculture parcel
-Agriculture vegetables
-Agriculture rootcrops
-Agriculture other plants
-Agriculture fruits
-Legal services.
The survey questionnaire can be found in this documentation.
This new method of implementing the HIES present some interesting and valuable advantages such as: cost saving, data quality, time reduction for data processing and reporting.
Only a sub sample of the selected HIES sample was asked to fill a 2-week diary (in addition to the core recall HIES questionnaire). But only the recall sections are used to compute the HIES outputs and aggregates, this sub sample HIES diary was made for research purposes.
Below is a list of all modules in this questionnaire:
-Household ID
-Demographic characteristics
-Education
-Health
-Functionality
-Communication
-Alcohol
-Other individual expenses
-Labour force
-Fisheries & hunting
-Handicraft
-Dwelling
-Assets
-Home maintenance
-Vehicle
-International trips
-Domestic trips
-Household services
-Financial support
-Other household expenditure
-Ceremonies
-Remittances
-Food insecurity
-Livestock & aquaculture
-Agriculture parcel
-Agriculture vegetables
-Agriculture rootcrops
-Agriculture other plants
-Agriculture fruits
-Legal services.
The survey questionnaire can be found in this documentation.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Once the data was collected using Survey Solutions, it was then edited on Stata (version 15).
Other Processing
The data was collected using the World Bank's tool Survey Solutions.
Access policy
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL |
|---|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | Government of Tonga | https://tongastats.gov.to/about-us/contact-us/ |
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL |
|---|---|---|
| Tonga Statistics Department | Government of Tonga | https://tongastats.gov.to/about-us/contact-us/ |
Confidentiality
The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data is protected under the National Statistics Act and cannot be disclosed to any individual without authorisation from the Government Statistician.
Access conditions
Licensed datasets, accessible under conditions.
Users and Depositors should note that the data and documentation in the Pacific Data Hub Microdata Library do not belong to the archive but to the individual depositors (data owners of the data) to the archive.
Note: Prior to distributing certain licensed data and documentation, the Pacific Community (SPC) has to contact the data owner in order to obtain permission and that may cause some delays with microdata release.
Users and Depositors should note that the data and documentation in the Pacific Data Hub Microdata Library do not belong to the archive but to the individual depositors (data owners of the data) to the archive.
Note: Prior to distributing certain licensed data and documentation, the Pacific Community (SPC) has to contact the data owner in order to obtain permission and that may cause some delays with microdata release.
Citation requirements
"Tonga Statistics Department, Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2021 (HIES 2021) version 01 of the licensed dataset (October 2022), provided by the Microdata Library. https://microdata.pacificdata.org/index.php/home"
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_SPC_TON_2021_HIES_v01_M
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Statistics for Development Division | SDD | Pacific Community | Documentation of the study |
Date of Metadata Production
2022-08-29
DDI Document version
-Version 01 (August 2022): This is the first attempt at documenting the 2021 Tongan Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). Done by the Statistics for Development Division (SDD) at Noumea.